The sources of electricity in the car are the generator and the battery (battery), connected in parallel. When the engine is off, the consumers are powered only from the battery. While the engine is running, power is supplied from the alternator and the battery is being charged. With the simultaneous inclusion of a large number of consumers and low engine speeds (idling) the energy of one generator will not be enough, in this case the battery will be discharged. This must be taken into account in order to avoid a complete discharge of the battery.
The rated operating voltage of sources and consumers of electricity is 12 V. Depending on the operating conditions, the voltage in the network can vary between 11-14.5 V. In vehicles with a fuel injection system, the supply voltage of some consumers is 5 V. Most electrical circuits are protected by fuses installed in the mounting block. The circuit of the engine ignition system, the power circuits of the starter and the battery charge are not protected by fuses.
Consumers of electricity are the starter, the ignition system of the car (ignition coil or ignition module, spark plugs), lighting and light signaling devices (headlights, rear lights, side turn indicators), control devices with sensors, electric motors (wipers, washer pumps, heater and radiator fans), sound signal, rear window heating element, injection engine power supply and control system.
Consumers are switched on by switches on the instrument panel, steering column (Understeering's shifter) and inside the car. Voltage is supplied to most consumers through a switch (lock) ignition located on the left side of the steering shaft bracket. The power circuits of the horn, cigarette lighter, brake lamps, interior lamps, side light switch are permanently connected to the battery. Through the ignition switch, the starter circuits, the ignition system, the power system and the engine management system are switched (for injection engine). The ignition switch consists of a housing, a mechanical anti-theft device with a lock and a contact part fixed in the housing with a clamping ring. After removing the key in position "parking", the locking rod of the anti-theft device extends from the lock and enters the groove of the steering shaft, blocking its rotation. Voltage from the battery and alternator is applied to the input contacts of the ignition switch "30" And "30/1".
Consumers of high power are connected through electromagnetic relays. Relays for turning on the heated rear window, headlight cleaners and washers, high beam headlights are located in the mounting block. The ignition relay, the relay-interrupter of the alarm and direction indicators are installed in the cabin on the partition of the engine compartment behind the instrument panel.
The sound signal consists of two signals of different tones (in a variant of one) and is located in the engine compartment. It is mounted on a bracket on the left pillar of the radiator frame.
To connect electrical equipment, low-voltage wires of the PVA type with flexible PVC insulation resistant to oil and gasoline are used. The wires are bundled. To facilitate the search in the harnesses, the wire insulation is made in different colors. Depending on the strength of the current in the circuit, wires of various sizes are used. The negative terminal of the battery and the crankcase are connected by a wire with a cross section of 16 mm².
The transmission of high voltage pulses from the coil to the distributor and from the distributor to the candles occurs through high voltage wires. In vehicles with fuel injection, the ignition coil is connected directly to the spark plugs by high-voltage wires. For each engine model, spark plugs are selected individually, in accordance with the design features of the engine (see "Spark plug").
Attention! When repairing electrical equipment, in order to avoid a short circuit, it is necessary to disconnect the wire from the negative terminal of the battery.